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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Near-death studies ： ウィキペディア英語版 Near-death studies Near-death studies is a field of psychology and psychiatry that studies the physiology, phenomenology and after-effects of the near-death experience (NDE). The field was originally associated with a distinct group of North American researchers that followed up on the initial work of Raymond Moody, and who later established the International Association for Near-death Studies (IANDS) and the Journal of Near-Death Studies. Since then the field has expanded, and now includes contributions from a wide range of researchers and commentators worldwide. ==Near-death experience== The near-death experience is an experience reported by people who have come close to dying in a medical or non-medical setting. The aspect of trauma, and physical crises, is also recognized as an indicator for the phenomenon.〔Sommers MS. "The near-death experience following multiple trauma". ''Crit Care Nurse''. 1994 Apr;14(2):62-6.〕 According to sources〔Griffith, Linda J. "Near-Death Experiences and Psychotherapy," ''Psychiatry'' (Edgmont). 2009 October; 6(10): 35–42.〕〔Greyson B. "Varieties of near-death experience". ''Psychiatry''. 1993 Nov;56(4):390-9.〕 it is estimated that near-death experiences are reported by five percent of the adult American population. According to IANDS,〔IANDS. ("Near-death experiences: Key Facts" ). Informational Brochure published by the International Association for Near-death Studies. Durham, NC. Updated 7.24.07〕 surveys (conducted in USA, Australia and Germany) suggest that 4 to 15% of the population have had NDEs. Researchers study the role of physiological, psychological and transcendental factors associated with the NDE.〔Parnia S, Waller DG, Yeates R, Fenwick P. "A qualitative and quantitative study of the incidence, features and aetiology of near death experiences in cardiac arrest survivors". ''Resuscitation''. Feb;48(2):149-56, 2001 PubMed abstract PMID 11426476〕 These dimensions are also the basis for the three major explanatory models for the NDE. Some general characteristics of an NDE include subjective impressions of being outside the physical body; visions of deceased relatives and religious figures; transcendence of ego and spatiotemporal boundaries.〔Greyson, Bruce. "Near-Death Experiences in a Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic Population". ''Psychiatric Services'', Dec., Vol. 54 No. 12. The American Psychiatric Association, 2003〕〔van Lommel P, van Wees R, Meyers V, Elfferich I. "Near-Death Experience in Survivors of Cardiac Arrest: A prospective Study in the Netherlands". ''The Lancet''. December 15, 2001 ; 358(9298):2039-45. PMID 11755611〕 NDE researchers have also found that the NDE may not be a uniquely western experience. Commentators note that several elements and features of the NDE appears to be similar across cultures,〔Mauro, James. ''Bright lights, big mystery''. Psychology Today, July 1992〕〔Blackmore, "Susan J. Near-death experiences". "Journal Of The Royal Society of Medicine", Volume 89 February 1996〕〔〔〔Graves, Lee. "Altered States. Scientists analyze the near-death experience". ''The University of Virginia Magazine'', Summer 2007 Feature〕〔Facco, Enrico & Agrillo, Christian. Near-death experiences between science and prejudice. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2012; 6: 209.〕 but the details of the experience (figures, beings, scenery), and the interpretation of the experience, varies between cultures. 〔〔〔〔Belanti, John; Perera, Mahendra and Jagadheesan, Karuppiah. "Phenomenology of Near-death Experiences: A Cross-cultural Perspective". ''Transcultural Psychiatry'', 2008 45: 121.〕 However, a few researchers have challenged the hypothesis that near-death experience accounts are substantially influenced by prevailing cultural models.〔Athappilly G, Greyson B, Stevenson I. "Do Prevailing Societal Models Influence Reports of Near-Death Experiences? A Comparison of Accounts Reported Before and After 1975". ''The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease'', Volume 194, Number 3, March 2006.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Near-death studies」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.